The movements of early man, as narrated in the Bible, can be related to modern geography only if we correctly determine the people, places, and chronology involved. But archaeological research alone is not enough to accomplish this. Other disciplines such as history, linguistics, geology, geography, and chronology must also be given their due. We show here that Babel was in North Mesopotamia, Shinar was not Sumer, Sumer was not Semitic, Abraham's Urkasdim was in North Mesopotamia, biblical Elam/Elamu/Elamtu was in North Syria and was not Susiana, and the Ubaid people lived after the end of the Ice Age, long after the Babel dispersion. All structures in South Mesopotamia are built on the alluvium deposited by run-off of the Ice Age meltdown flooding; this territory was under water when the oceans settled earlier at the end of Noah's Flood, and Babel could not have been built there. This all has implications for the migration of the sons of Shem, who could not have migrated to South Mesopotamia, as claimed by Osgood.