This is the third in a series of five papers on the philosophy of science. In the first paper (Faulkner 2022), I discussed the nature of science and how science is done. In the second paper (Faulkner 2023), I traced the development of science from the ancient Greeks through the Middle Ages, with a particular emphasis on astronomy. Building upon two previous papers, in this paper I trace the history of science through its transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era, again with an emphasis on astronomy. The key issue during this time was the earth's place in the cosmos. In 1600, most scientists were geocentrists, but by 1700 no scientists were geocentrists. This change in attitude had a profound effect upon the way science is conducted. This radical shift in thinking fostered an explosion in scientific endeavor that is still going on today. In the fourth paper, I will trace the transformation from classical physics to modern physics a century ago. In the final paper, I will survey the current state of science.