Examines the role of water in shaping Earth's surface. The article contrasts two explanations for the formation of sedimentary rocks: catastrophism and uniformitarianism. Catastrophism proposes that a large-scale flood or floods rapidly deposited sediment, while uniformitarianism suggests that slow processes over millions of years produced these formations. The author argues that uniformitarianism struggles to explain major sedimentary deposits like geosynclines and also fails to demonstrate clear similarities between ancient and modern depositional environments. The author concludes that catastrophism offers a reasonable explanation for sedimentary rocks, while uniformitarianism faces significant challenges