Blood groups are a basic variable element in mankind, and they are of immense practical importance. Basic similarities and differences of man and other anthropoid forms are reviewed on the basis of recent intensive studies of human and other primate blood groups. Analyses of other blood proteins, such as hemoglobin, transferrins, and myoglobin are used to compare man and other living forms. Due to advances in biochemistry and electron microscopy, phylogenetic problems become more and more puzzling, and more difficult to subsume under one theory. Evolutionists no longer can use casual half-facts and crude homologies.