This review of particle physics illustrates the energy-matter relationship in nature and describes the building blocks of the physical world. Particle physics research reveals that matter is far more complex than scientists imagined just decades ago. This poses a major challenge to naturalistic interpretations of the origin, existence, and maintenance of the universe. Various theories have been developed to account for the living world, including natural selection and genetic drift, but these mechanisms are not applicable to the inorganic world revealed by particle physics. The failure of naturalism to explain the universe has resulted in a revival of Paley’s watch hypothesis. It has also resulted in new attempts by philosophical naturalists to deal with these discoveries. This includes the blind watchmaker hypothesis, an attempt to show how a universe that looks like it was created by intelligence actually came into being spontaneously. However, evidence shows that the universe, and especially the earth, was clearly designed to support human life.