In this article are discussed the scientific evidence which prompted Asa Gray to try to persuade Charles Darwin to adopt theistic evolution, and Darwin's reasons for rejecting theistic in favor of atheistic evolution. In their arguments, both men appealed to the fossil record. Besides their interpretations of that record, the one by Georges Cuvier is mentioned; and it is noted that yet others are possible. So various alternative interpretations of the record are considered to see which one best fits the facts.